| taproot absent |
| juice watery; NOT milky |
| plant is NOT as follows: [basal leaves mostly 1-6 cm long, linear to oblanceolate or spatulate, forming a dense rosette; plants with a well-developed taproot; and
either densely caespitose, seldom more than 5 cm tall, the heads sessile among the leaves,
or with stout, simple stems, 5-15 (25) cm tall, heads solitary, involucres 2-4 cm wide, bracts ciliate to pectinate or fimbriate, rays blue and achenes densely pubescent, obovate to triangular] |
| plants usually with leafy stems; plants NOT low, NOT stemless, NOT tufted |
| leaves appearing before the flowers |
| leaves NOT extending beyond flowers |
| basal leaves NOT cordate, NOT sagittate
(FOA) |
| leaves alternate or basal; NOT opposite |
| involucral bracts either subequal and the outer leafy, or more commonly evidently imbricate, with chartaceous base and evident green tip, sometimes chartaceous throughout; involucral bracts NOT [subequal or more or less imbricate, often green in part, but neither definitely leafy nor with chartaceous base and herbaceous green tip] |
| bracts in several series; NOT in 1 or 2 series |
| receptacle naked |
| flower heads with florets both tubular and ray |
| ray (ligulate) flowers when present, either pistillate or neutral; NOT perfect |
| ray florets conspicuous |
| ray florets 10-50; NOT 50 or more |
| rays white to pink, purple or blue; NOT yellow, NOT orange |
| stamens united to form a tube around the pistil |
| style branches lanceolate or narrower, acute or acuminate, ordinarily more than 0.5 mm long; style branches NOT: [lanceolate or broader, acute to obtuse, 0.5 mm long or less, or obsolete] |
| pappus of capillary bristles, at least in part; pappus NOT [of 1 or 2 short awns, a mere crown or none] (FOA) |
| pappus composed of numerous hairs; NOT absent, NOT composed of only a few hairs (BF) |