Multitribe: Answers to key questions leading to this tribe. 

	Mature inflorescence, if breaking into units, then the units not as below; NOT [Mature inflorescence breaking into spikelet units consisting of a sessile fertile spikelet, a hairy pedicel with or without a sterile spikelet at tip, and a hairy rachis joint, all arising at the same point (a node) in specialized panicle branches called rames]
	Spikelets not as below; sterile florets if present, either located distal to the fertile floret(s) on the rachilla or paired and attached at the base of a single fertile floret, not paired with the upper glume as below; lemma and palea variously textured, enclosing the flower or not; disarticulation usually above the glumes; NOT [Spikelets usually dorsally compressed, appearing 1-flowered but containing 1 fertile floret and 1 sterile floret, the latter attached to the base of fertile floret opposite the upper glume, resembling the upper glume, and together with the upper glume enveloping the fertile floret; lower glumes minute (sometimes absent) to 3/4 as long as upper glumes and typically wrapping most of the way around the pedicel at base; fertile floret seed-like with chartaceous-indurate lemma and palea enclosing flower and fruit; disarticulation below the glumes with rare exceptions]
	Spikelets 1 to many-flowered, subtended by a pair of glumes (only 1 on lateral spikelets in Lolium); palea margins enclosed or not; plants of dry or wet habitats; NOT [Spikelets 1-flowered, lacking glumes; margins of the palea tightly enclosed by the lemma margins on female or perfect florets; plants of wetlands, often emergent aquatic]
	Inflorescence not as below; if a terminal spike, then the lateral spikelets attached edgewise to the rachis with inner (upper) glume wanting (as in Lolium); NOT [Inflorescence a terminal spike with sessile or subsessile spikelets attached broadside at nodes on opposite sides of the rachis]
	Lemmas and lemma awns not as below; if lemma indurate and enveloping the floret, then glumes distinctly dorsally compressed and calluses glabrous (as in Milium); NOT [Lemmas stiff to indurate, firmer than the glumes, surrounding the palea and often overlapping along the margins, closed at the tip as well as at the base, often pubescent; lemma awns (caducous or wanting in some species) terete and encircled at the base by the closed tip of the lemma; calluses usually pubescent, rarely glabrous]

Group3: Answers to key questions leading to this group. 

	If plants mat-forming, then inflorescences not as below; NOT [Mat-forming annuals or perennials either with clusters of spikelets hidden by sharp-pointed leaves at branch tips, or with pistillate inflorescences consisting of burs partially hidden within expanded leaf sheaths with only the staminate inflorescences exceeding the upper leaves]
	Inflorescence not as below, the spikelets usually on pedicels in panicles that range from spike-like to open; if spikelets sessile, then they either have more than 1 fertile floret per spikelet or are not arranged like the teeth of a comb; NOT [Inflorescence consisting of spike-like panicle branches with sessile- subsessile, closely imbricate, regularly-spaced, parallel spikelets all directed toward 1 side of the branch like the teeth of a comb (loosely so in Bouteloua curtipendula); fertile florets 1 per spikelet]
	Spikelets with more than 1 fertile floret; sterile florets if present, attached above the fertile florets (Phragmites, with sterile florets attached above and below fertile florets, is an exception); NOT [Spikelets with 1 fertile floret; sterile florets if present, attached above or below the fertile floret]

Festuca: Answers to key questions leading to this genus. 

	Inflorescence a panicle with all spikelets subtended by 2 glumes; NOT [Inflorescence a terminal spike; lateral spikelets positioned edgewise to the rachis and lacking a glume on inside edge]
	Spikelets usually pedicellate; if sessile-subsessile, then not arranged as below; NOT [Spikelets sessile or subsessile on spike-like panicle branches, or on short secondary branches in dense one-sided clusters at branch tips]
	Rachillas glabrous or pubescent; if pubescent, then hairs much shorter than the lemmas; panicles and plants not as below; NOT [Rachillas with silky hairs (4) 6-10 mm long, as long as the lemmas or nearly so; panicles 15-35 (45) cm long, 8-20 cm wide at maturity, dense, feathery; plants 10-30 (40) dm tall, with stout, creeping rhizomes and often forming dense stands]
	Glumes < 17 mm long; if glumes longer, then plants perennial; NOT [Glumes 18-32 mm long, usually exceeding the lemmas; plants annual]
	Plants without the below combination of characteristics; NOT [Culm sheaths closed to near summit; leaf blades flat; spikelets 12-40 (55) mm long; lemmas 7-14 (21) mm long, usually awned, the awns terminal or subterminal; calluses glabrous; ovaries and caryopses with pubescent apical appendage; caryopses adnate to paleas at maturity]
	Plants without the below combination of characteristics; NOT [Rachilla conspicuously pubescent with straight hairs; calluses bearded; spikelet 2 (3-4) flowered; lemma 2-4 toothed, sometimes obscurely so, sometimes entire; lemma awns attached dorsally or just below apex, often exceeding the lemma apex by only 1-2 mm (awn may be absent in Trisetum wolfii)]
	Lemmas unawned or awned; if awns present, then the awns straight and terminal or subterminal, and the calluses glabrous or with short, sparse hairs; NOT [Lemmas awned, the awns 3-17 mm long, slightly outcurving or geniculate, attached dorsally about midlength, or at base of 0.5-8 mm long apical teeth; calluses with dense or long hairs]
	Lemmas with 5 - 11 visibly-raised nerves or nerves too obscure to count; NOT [Lemmas with 3 visibly-raised nerves (1 midnerve and 2 lateral nerves)]
	Lemmas not as below, either keeled, or with obscure nerves or nerves converging distally; calluses glabrous or pubescent; NOT [Lemmas rounded or weakly keeled on the back, with 5-11 visibly- raised nerves that are +/- parallel their full length, their tips not converging distally; calluses glabrous]
	Plants not as below; NOT [Plants low (to 4 (6) dm high), halophytic, dioecious perennials with scaly, stout, creeping, much-branched rhizomes; leaf blades strongly 2-ranked, 1-12 (20) cm long, reaching or exceeding at least the panicles; lemmas of flowers coriaceous, closely imbricate; caryopses long-beaked, the dark tip often visible between the pale-colored lemma and palea]
	Plants growing in dry or wet habitats but not typically in water; rhizomes present or absent; culms slender and not particularly spongy at base; other features various; NOT [Plants growing in shallow water or wetlands; rhizomes extensive, creeping, thick, soft, succulent; culms thick (6 - 8 mm wide) and spongy at base; leaf sheaths open, large, papery, +/- inflated, the lower sheaths often cross-septate with air chambers; calluses densely bearded; lemma unawned but sometimes with nerves excurrent at tip]
	Glumes not as below; disarticulation above the glumes; other features various;  NOT [Upper and lower glumes markedly dissimilar in shape, the lower glume subulate to linear and less than 1/3 as wide as the upper; the upper glume oblanceolate to obovate, and about 1/2 as wide to nearly as wide as long; spikelets 2-4 mm long, 2-3-flowered; disarticulation below the glumes with the distal floret sometimes falling before the spikelet]
	Spikelets (1) 2-11 (15)-flowered; upper glume length various but if reaching the tip of the distal lemma, then glumes (6) 7-8.5 (9.5) mm long; rachises and panicle branches scabrous on the angles or smooth but not pubescent; sheaths open or closed part way; NOT [Spikelets (1) 2-3 (4)-flowered; upper glume as long as the lowest lemma and sometimes reaching the tip of the distal lemma, 3-4 (5.5) mm long; rachises and panicle branches densely puberulent to villose; sheath open to base]
	Lemmas mucronate or awned from the tip except sometimes lacking awns and mucros in plants with glumes reaching the tip of the distal lemma and in plants with soft auricles present on leaves at base of plant; NOT [Lemmas lacking mucros or awns; glumes distinctly shorter than the lemmas, and plants lacking auricles]
	Plants perennial; NOT [Plants annual]
	Auricles absent or present as bumps or swellings; leaf blades usually folded or rolled at maturity and to about 2.5 mm in diameter; culms (0.5) 1–9 (14) dm high; NOT [Auricles present; leaf blades flat at maturity, 2-7 mm wide; culms (3) 5-10 (13) dm high]

Saximontana: Answers to key questions leading to this species

	Lower glumes usually 1.5-4.5 mm long, if longer, then the lemma awns > 1.5 mm long; upper glumes 2.5-6.5 mm long, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas with awns (0.4) 0.5-3 (3.5) mm long, or up to 6 (7) mm; anthers £ 3.5 mm long, if longer then lemma awns longer (up to 2-6 (7) mm long); NOT [Lower glumes 4.5-8 (9.5) mm long; upper glumes 5.5-8.5 (9.5) mm long, shorter than to equaling the lemmas; lemmas unawned or with awns to 1.5 mm long; anthers (3.3) 4-6 mm long]
	Plants usually densely tufted, lacking rhizomes; culms erect, not decumbent at base; leaf sheaths closed for about 1/3 to 1/2 of their length when young, not reddish; old basal sheaths firm, ± persistent, not shredding into fibers (rarely tardily shredding); leaf blades usually <= 1.5 mm wide when conduplicate or convolute, up to 3 mm when flat; anther length various; NOT [Plants loosely to densely tufted, with numerous or at least some rhizomes; culms often decumbent; young leaf sheaths closed to near throat, usually purplish, with old basal sheaths reddish-brown, shredding into fibers; leaf blades usually conduplicate or convolute to 2.5 mm wide, 1.5-4 (7) mm wide when flat; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm long]
	Pedicels mostly distinctly shorter than spikelets; lemmas (2.5) 3-5 (6.5) mm long with awns (0.4) 0.5-3 (3.5) mm long and distinctly shorter than the lemmas; leaf blades mostly less than 20 cm long; NOT [Pedicels mostly about as long or longer than spikelets; lemmas (5) 6-8.5 (10) mm long with awns 3-6 (7) mm long and from 1/2 as long to exceeding the lemmas; leaf blades often over 20 cm long]
	Anthers less than 2 mm long; culms up to 5 (6) dm high; lemmas not strongly convolute (edges distinctly involute in F saximontana); the lemma back not broadly rounded, often somewhat scabrous or pubescent distally; other features various; NOT [Anthers mostly 2-3.5 mm long; plants tending larger and coarser, with culms often over 5.5 and to 7.5 (8) dm high; panicle usually loosely open, with branches stiffly divergent at anthesis; old persistent sheaths straw-colored; lemmas strongly convolute and rolled into an almost cylindrical form; the lemma back broadly rounded, smooth and glabrous in the center proximally, and ± densely scabrous and/or pubescent distally and peripherally]
	Anthers mostly > 1 mm long; panicle (2) 3-10 (13) cm long, contracted with erect branches somewhat spreading at anthesis; lemmas firm, greenish, distinctly involute; culms commonly to 5 dm high; NOT [Anthers usually <= 1 (1 .3) mm long; panicles 1-4 (5.5) cm long, ± contracted, spike-like, with short ascending branches; lemmas membranous, translucent or often purplish brown, not distinctly involute; culms usually less than 2.5 (3.5) dm high]