Vulgaris: Answers to key questions in Budd's Flora and Flora of Alberta leading to this species. 

	plants perennial with extensive rootstocks; NOT [plants annual]
	cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; NOT [cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate]
	cauline leaves narrowed to a petiole-like base; NOT [cauline leaves clasping at base]
	flowers 2-3 cm long; NOT [flowers 3-4 cm long]
	flowers yellow and orange; NOT [flowers white, pink or purple]

Linaria: Answers to key questions in Budd's Flora and Flora of Alberta leading to this genus. 

	leaves not all basal
	flowers in terminal racemes; NOT [flowers axillary]
	corolla spurred at the base
	only two or four stamens anther-bearing, others sterile or absent; NOT [five anther bearing stamens]

Scrophulariaceae: Answers to key questions in Budd's Flora  leading to this family. 

	herbs; NOT [shrubs or trees]
	plants green or with some chlorophyll; NOT [plants parasitic or saprophytic, without chlorophyll]
	plants not aquatic
	stems not square
	leaves not bearing bladders
	flowers not in heads or spikes; NOT [flowers in long or short spikes], NOT [flowers in heads or in form resembling a head]
	flowers with two floral rings
	petals wholly or partly united forming a tube or bell
	corolla irregular; NOT [corolla regular]
	ovary superior; NOT [ovary inferior]
	fruit a many-seeded capsule; NOT [fruit with 4 nutlets]