Adunca: Answers to key questions in Budd's Flora and Flora of Alberta leading to this species. 

	plants perennial; NOT [plants annual]
	plants with well-developed leafy stems; NOT [plants lacking stems, the leaves and peduncles arising from a caudex or stolons]
	stipules bract-like, much smaller than the leaf blades; NOT [stipules leaf-like, large, about the same length as the leaf blades]
	stipules toothed; NOT [stipules entire], NOT [stipules laciniate at base]
	flowers axillary
	flowers deep violet to purple to whitish blue; NOT [flowers white to pale violet to mauve], NOT [flowers yellow]

Violaceae: Answers to key questions in Budd's Flora leading to this family. 

	herbs; NOT [shrubs or trees]
	plants terrestrial or semiaquatic; NOT [plants aquatic, leaves submerged or floating]
	plants NOT with colored milky juice
	plants with more than one normal leaf
	some or all leaves alternate; NOT [leaves opposite, whorled or basal]
	leaves with stipules; NOT [leaves without stipules, or having glands]
	flowers with two floral rings, and with each petal distinct from the others
	flowers irregular in shape; NOT [flowers regular in shape]
	calyx regular; NOT [calyx irregular, some sepals smaller than others]
	corolla with one petal spurred or sac-like; NOT [corolla pea-like]
	stamens usually separate or partly so, not in a column; NOT [stamens numerous, united into a column]
	fruit a 3-valved capsule; NOT [fruit a legume]